The title above is quite clear enough to understand. For many student on economics, especially who are taking advance micro economics shall frustating why they need so many axiom just to explain a demand (or supply) curve? It is true, necessary?
I got a good explaination from Prof. Iwan Jaya Azis, Cornell Unversity, when he though about General Equilibrium, as written on his article 'Antara Teori dan Intuisi' (between theory and intuition). One day a student of his class questioning why he must learn Debreu axioms. Let me sum up their conversation:
Student (S) : I think a simple economic model is quiet enough to explain our daily economic phenomena.
Iwan J. Azis (A): What do you mean about "daily economic phenomena"?
(S) : Suppose that US government canceled such a tariff import policy on clothing from Asia. It easily predicted that cloth price will fall, since increasing on supply (caused by import flow). I just use demand-supply model without confusing on axioms, right?
(A) : How?
(S) : It simply because demand curve has negative slope.
(A) : Who said that? Since you accept a postulate that demand curve has negative slope and supply has positive slope, you are using some assumption. For example, cloth is a commodity that its substitution effect is less than income effect, so consumen behaviour is normal. It implies you assumed that cloth definetly not a giffen goods?
(S) : Yes, I am
(A) :So, what kind of assumption we need to draw an indifference curve for this case?
(S) : Curve must be convex, continous, and has monotonicity
(A) : You just already said Debreu axioms.
Sunday, October 4, 2009
Do We Need Axioms?
Friday, August 28, 2009
"Simalakama" Taste Sweet
Indonesian people shocked. Sugar price nowadays reach Rp. 10.500. Even in Ramadhan season, this price booming seems unexplainable. But, it still interesting that how people blame world market for sugar booming
There was a dilemma. Like other food commodity, sugar farmer feel normal sugar price are too low. On January 2009 (Kompas, 27 August 2009) price of rafinated sugar only $310 per tons. Fantastically, in 24 August price bounce up to $615 per tons. World price fluctuation is pointed out as main factor, which lead domestic price going higher. Sugar farmer looked happy, not so consumer (also me). Just like eating simalakama fruit, our ancestor said.
So, it's fair to blame the world market? It is true that our circumstance will get better if we going to autarky? I don't think so. Sucofindo co. assumed that our domestic production was only 2,74 million ton per year. Our Industrial (middle-higher scale) consumption is about 1.054.121 ton per year. At household level, we consume 11,86 kg per capita (since we have 200 million people, it means we consume 2.372.000 ton per year). From those sector, exclude household industry and small-scale industry, we need 3.426.121 ton per year. The only way is doing import.
Increasing import tariff idea and stop sugar import truly unrealistic. For short-run solution we need import. Further, we must consider on how we strengthen our supply side (more productivity) than consider on banning sugar import or close our sugar trade.
Yes, it's like eating simalakama fruit, but this one taste sweet
Sunday, August 23, 2009
Misleading Again
I reccomended you to see this article.
M. Bambang Pranowo, Professor of Religion-Sosiolog UIN Jakarta, wrote an artice "Virus Kapitalisme dalam Keberagaman". I quoted these interesting opinion:
"...Melihat kenaikan harga sandan-pangan menjelang dan di bulan puasa, bisa kita duga, puasa justru membuat orang makin konsumtif. Kenaikan harga pasar itu niscaya mengikuti hukum permintaan dan penawaran. Makin besar permintaannya, makin tinggi harganya. Ini indikasi, di bulan puasa, umat Islam makin konsumtif..."Interesting, eh? He was so brave using supply-demand approach to took a conclusion that today's moslem are more consumptive (regarding many definition of "consumptive" terms). Is it true Moslem nowadays more consumptive just because price level is higher on Ramadhan? I doubt it. Economics told different. More possible way to explain why price level increase on Ramadhan is simply because reaction of supply side on anticipate decreasing expected demand. Suppy curve shifted to left because they know they will face decreasing demand on future. So it possible to see price level go higher than normal.
I didn't come to say that my opinion is best explanation for this short-term inflation. Just want to sa that supply and demand works more complicated than Prof. Bambang state. Last, stop blame on capialism as a cause of people preferences and why people keep Heroin on Al-Quran. Read More ..
Friday, August 21, 2009
BOP-B: A Lemon Problems for Middle Class
Baru saja Prof. Der.Soz. Gumilar Soemantri dalam Kompas hari ini membuat klarifikasi bahwa BEM- UI tidak dibekukan. Tentu kita bingung kenapa muncul isu dibekukan? Kisruh ini dimulai dari ketegangan antara mahasiswa dan pihak rektorat yang masih belum jauh-jauh menyoal BOP (Biaya Operasional Pendidikan) Berkeadilan atau BOP-B
Tidak perlu sampai membolak-balik theory of justice-nya John Rawls, untuk melihat sisi adil mana yang sedang dipermasalahkan. Seharusnya BOP-B adalah price discrimination admission fee yang harus ditanggung sebagai bentuk "adil" bagi kesempatan belajar. Terdengar indah, tetapi kenyataannya pihak mahasiswa mampu menunjukkan "ketidakadilan" dari data-data primer dan sekunder (yang menurut mereka bisa dipercaya). Benarkah orang miskin tidak mendapat keringanan? Ada kebocoran? atau yang paling sulit, bagaimana menentukan"keadilan"?
Sedikit menengahi badai kisruh yang menyebalkan ini, kita coba pahami posisi kedua belah pihak. Saya yakin rektorat tidak akan men-charge mahasiswa yang benar-benar miskin, taruhlah orang tuanya berada di bawah 1$ per hari dalam konsumsinya, dengan angka keterlaluan Rp.5.000.000 misalnya. Banyak bukti menunjukkan mereka mendapat kan BOP terendah yaitu Rp 100.000 per semester sebagai BOP. Masalahnya sekarang ada di middle class ke atas. Anggapah termasuk lower middle class .
Masalah apa? George Akerlof menyebutnya Lemon Problems. Banyak dimensi definisi untuk membahas teori ini. Namun, ide fundamentalnya terdapat pada assymetric information. Hamir mirip dengan kasus asuransi, terdapat fenomena inside information. Hanya sang mahasiswa yang tau kondisi sebenarnya keuangan keluarga mereka. Pihak rektorat tidak tahu jelas. Di sinilah keraguan dan ketidakpercayaan terjadi. Dalam middle class, spread dan distorsi pendapatan dan pengeluaran sangat jelas. Pihak rektorat sebagai pemberi keringanan dengan informasi terbatas dan desakan kebutuhan dan cenderung memasang admission fee yang tinggi akibat ketidaksempurnaan informasi tadi. Hasilnya? "ketidakadilan" pada beberapa anggota golongan middle class terutama dalam zona margin atau abu-abu.
Bukan bermaksud melepas curiga adanya intransparansi rektorat dan birokrasi cacat yang masih mungkin terjadi dalam menciptakan failure. Namun, sekedar menunjukkan sistem BOP-B punya beberapa kebocoran layaknya sistem price discrimination lain dalam ekonomi. Dalam postingan selanjutnya, kigendeng akan coba memberi alternatif kebijakan yang dapat dipertimbangkan. See you on next posting.
Monday, August 10, 2009
Watchout Another Attack! Baby Boom
A dramatic movies-like actions on Temanggung (starring: Densus 88), has ended. But it still left a question, who's really Mr-X in the house? Is it Noordin M. Top or else? But, some terrorism experts remind us too keep awake and believe that terror bomb didn't ended yet.
I agree...but not in this particular case.
I agree that "terror bomb" not ended yet. It is real. The Baby Boom. Based on demographic survey on 2007, member of KB (Keluarga Berencana) just slightly increase from 60,3 % to 61,4 and a stagnan Total Fertility Rate (TFR) stuck on level 2,6 (per fertile age woman). We need approx 70% KB's member (Sugiri Syarief, 2008) and must allocate Rp 4 trillion (FYI on 2008 we just have Rp 2,1 trillion)
For real, according to Aburidzal Bakrie, today's Indonesia people have reach 215 million people. People growth, was fantastic, more than 4 million (people) a year! Fear of baby boom part 2 (first baby boom appeared on 60's era) seems realistic. For economic growth I could say it is a bad news. On APBN 2010, I can't see this demographic problem as a priority. But, the data give us early alarm for our government. Especially on 2010, it will be wise to pay attention not only on Densus result but also Census result.
Wednesday, July 29, 2009
S&D: Now, I feel stupid
Okay, we're all (economics student) must know about Econ 101, Principle of Economics. I assure we met supply and demand (S&D) for the first time on this class. I got A, as I remember, but facing these two questions I feel like an idiot:
Question 1: What would happen to demand for the tea, if there was a health scare regarding coffee?
and more though one,
Question 2: A survey shows that on average 100 people go to the movies when the price is $6 and 300 people go when the price is $9. Does this violate the laws of supply and demand?
Thank you Prof. Scott you awaking me from "A" mark illusion. Now, i realize how useful "other things hold equals". Yeah, S&D are complicated. Maybe I must consider to took Econ 101 again. Sigh
But, i hope you (reader) have a better answer than me.
Tuesday, July 28, 2009
Are Our Humanities Diminishing Too?
The most fundamental concept of neo-classical era is marginality. Marginal concept lead us to understand what know we called it the law of diminishing marginal return. It happen on many occasion. The most simple example is on utility function. Our marginal utility are diminished along addition of utility value (classical evidence are the utility of a glass of water).
Few weeks ago, I just finished reading The Lamb and The Fuhrer (Ravi Zacharias). A quotation on this book obsessing my mind.
"The death of one person will lead us on deep sadness, but death of one hundred persons was no more than statistics" (Unknown, Germany)Seems harsh, but poorly sometimes I feel that statement may be a truth. How about you? Read More ..
Tuesday, July 21, 2009
Menu Cost? Use Blackboard
In the short-run (spesifically on classical perspective), we know that firms face sticky price. Simply, product price fluctuation must be less than inflation (which is change everyday). Why? We learn one of the factor is menu cost. Firms can't instantly change the price because they must add additional cost to print out new menu list, updating menus, price lists, brochures, and other materials when prices change in an economy (this example precisely happen on resaturant). It's relevant? My answer, bigger the size, of a firms this assumption more close to reality. But, in small firms situation, blackboard ought to be an answer.
All you need no more than a set of chalk and an eraser.
Saturday, June 27, 2009
Principle of economics: Incentive !

just click on the picture to enlarge it
This photo is taken from http://blogs.ft.com/undercover/
Jika tidak salah sering dikatakan konsumsi junk food akan menurunkan kualitas seseorang karena dianggap tidak bergizi. Tapi dengan poster diatas jangan-jangan konsumsi junk food meningkat seiring peningkatan nilai akademis secara keseluruhan di sekolah-sekolah. :-)
Atau coba ada tempat rental Play Station (PS) yang membuat diskon bagi anak-anak yang punya nilai rapor bagus. Menguntungkan buat perental PS yang selam ini debenci orang tua, dan Orang Tua mulai bisa memahami keberadaan rental PS. "just fun insight"
Yes, our textbook say: People Respond to Incentives, behavior changes when costs or benefits change
Friday, June 19, 2009
Transfer Saga: Media Blow or Real ?
when the Undercover Economist (Tim Harford) talk about mega-transfer:
Which was football’s biggest transfer fee?
Another learning from introductory economics: between nominal and real value
Saturday, May 2, 2009
Emmanuel Saez dan "Euforia" Fiskal

Tahun 2009 ini tampaknya benar-benar menjadi tahun fiskal
Selain berlomba-lombanya negara-negara pasien flu "finansial" menebus resep stimulus fiskal, dan kembali fiskal menjadi primadona, kali ini dalam penganugerahan John Bates Clark Medal.
Adalah Emmanuel Saez dari U.C. Berkeley yang mengangkat tema seputar optimal taxation dan isu wealth distribution berhak mendapt anugerah paling bergengsi bagi ekonom di bawah 30 tahun.
Mungkin ke depan isu-isu fiskal memang masih menjadi isu yang seksi untuk diperbincangkan ditengah mandulnya kebijakan moneter. Untuk Indonesia masalah pajak masih merupakan tantangan sendiri mengingat masih "muda"nya UU Perpajakan kita.
Bagaimanapun juga Selamat untuk Emmanuel Saez, dan jangan heran mungkin dua puluh tahun kemudian orang yang sama berdiri di Stockholm mengikuti jejak Paul Samuelson, Kenneth Arrow, Milton Friedman, Joseph Stiglitz, dan Krugman (para alumnus John Bates Clark medal)
untuk info lebih dalam mengenai penghargaan ini dan Emmanuel Saez silahkan klik link di bawah
http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AEA/clark_medal.html
Thursday, March 12, 2009
Fiskal dan Sepakbola, keluhan dari Lyon
Presiden Klub Lyon Jean-Michel Aulas mengatakan, kegagalan klubnya juga harus menjadi tanggung jawab penyelenggara sepak bola di Perancis. Menurut dia, struktur sepak bola Perancis sangat tidak kuat. Klub Perancis juga kalah bersaing secara finansial dengan klub Eropa lainnya. ...Menurut Aulas, klub-klub Eropa di luar Perancis bisa maju karena didukung kebijakan pemerintah, seperti keringanan pembayaran pajak. Sebuah bentuk kritik yang unik dari Aulas cukup menarik diperhatikan. Apalagi jika mengingat postingan sebelumnya dalam Liga Sepakbola Terbaik... yang mencoba melihat kemungkinan pengaruh kebijakan fiskal dalam sepakbola. Walaupun disadari Aulas dan penulis memandang dari perspektif yang sedikit berbeda, hal ini makin menguatkan adanya pengaruh kebijakan fiskal sebuah negara dalam perkembangan sepakbola mereka. Sebuah hipotesa yang masih kabur tapi cukup terbukti.
Kompas, Jumat, 13 Maret 2009 | 05:21 WIB
Sunday, March 8, 2009
Status Quo Hutan? Sebuah tinjauan teoritis* (part 2)
Masalah Penebangan Hutan
Sebelumnya kita mengetahui QL adalah sebuah titik optimum yang telah ditetapkan sesuai persamaan [1], sehingga apabila QIL dimanfaatkan, atau pada kasus illegal logging, terjadi Qo + (QIL atau QIL*) > Qo, maka QIL atau QIL*menjadi excessive (karena melebihi titik optimum (Qo) . Secara teoritis dapat digambarkan bentuk eksternalitas negatif dari excessive logging ini dengan:

Sesuai buku Economic for Public Sector (Joseph E. Stiglitz: 2000), kita ketahui kegiatan excessive termasuk illegal logging (yang terbukti sesuai persamaan [3] sebelumnya) akan menghasilkan eksternalitas negatif. Terlihat karena pada QL+(QIL atau QIL*) Marginal Social Cost lebih besar dari Marginal Private Benefit (MSC > MPB). Terjadi inefesiensi karena seharusnya titik efisien ada pada QL, tetapi di pasar terbentuk keseimbangan dengan QL+QIL*. Tentu saja banjir, kepunahan hayati, dan bencana alam menjadi ancaman (dari sisi ekologis) yang siap menanti
Teorema di atas tentu masih merupakan pemikiran mentah penulis yang terusik tentang permasalahan hutan. Dapat dilihat pada data statistik, betapa kerusakan hutan sudah mengkhawatirkan. Namun, pada dasarnya pemikiran mentah di atas ingin menyampaikan setidaknya tiga pesan penting. (1) Melalui analisa pada bagian Forest Dilemma, perlu dievaluasi apakah dalam penentuan HPH, pemerintah sudah menghitung trade-off antara utilitas ekologis dan ekonomis hutan, tentu perlu kerjasama intensif antara economist dan enviromentalist (dalam analisa AMDAL). (2) Reformasi birokrasi adalah hal mendesak dilakukan karena kausal utama “bocornya” HPH adalah suap dan sistem birokrasi bawah meja, (3) Perlu disinsentif ekonomi yang tepat untuk menyelesaikan sengketa hutan karena hutan bukan melulu masalah lingkungan tetapi sudah memasuki ranah ekonomi.
Wednesday, February 25, 2009
Liga Sepakbola Terbaik di Dunia (sebuah tinjauan Insentif Fiskal)
Negara............ Individual Income Tax (progressive)
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Spain.........................................20-40%
Italy..........................................23-43%
England.....................................24-43%
Netherlands...............................0-52%
Germany...................................15-45%
Dengan mengambil patokan tax rate tertinggi maka sepatutnya Inzaghi lebih memilih bermain di Liga Spanyol (40%), dia tidak akan bermain di Liga German (43%) apalagi di di Liga Belanda (52%,) yang berarti memotong lebih dari setengah penghasilannya!
Read More ..
